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The Caland system is a set of rules in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language which describes how certain words, typically adjectives, are derived from one another.〔 It was named after Dutch Indologist Willem Caland, who first formulated part of the system. The cognates derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties:〔〔 *Adjectives are formed using zero-ablaut ''ro''-stems (i.e., word stems ending in ''-ro''), ''u''-stems or ''nt''-stems. *Adjectives are sometimes formed using ''i''-stems, especially in the first part of a compound. *Corresponding stative verbs in often exist. ==Examples== 1. 'light (in weight)': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek ''elaphrós'' 'light, quick'; Old High German ''lungar'' 'fast' *''u''-stems: Ancient Greek ''elakhús'' 'small'; Sanskrit ''laghú-, raghú-'' 'quick, light, small'; Avestan ''ragu-'' 'fast'; Latin ''levis'' 'light' < ; Lithuanian ''lengvùs'' 'light'; Old Church Slavonic ''lŭgŭkŭ'' 'light' *''i''-stems: Avestan ''rǝnjišta-'' 'fastest' 2. 'white': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek ''argós'' < *''argrós'' 'white'; Sanskrit ''ṛjrá-'' 'brilliant' *''u''-stems: Tocharian B ''ārkwi'' 'white' *''i''-stems: Ancient Greek ''argi-kéraunos'' 'with bright lightning' 3. 'red': *''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek ''eruthrós'' 'red'; Latin ''ruber'' 'red'; Tocharian B ''ratre'' 'red' *''i''-stems: Sanskrit ''rudhiras'' (mixed with ''ro''-stem) *''-eh₁'' verbs: Latin ''rubeō'' 'be red', Old High German ''rōtēn'' 'shine red' 4. 'high': *''ro''-stems: Tocharian B ''pärkare'' 'high' *''u''-stems: Hittite ''parku-'' 'high'; Armenian ''barjr'' 'high' < 〔 *''i''-stems: Avestan ''bǝrǝzi-'' 'high' in compounds *''nt''-stems: Sanskrit ''brḥánt-'' 'high', Avestan ''bǝrǝzant-'' 'high', Germanic name ''Burgund-'', Irish name ''Brigit'', Tocharian A ''koṃ-pärkānt'' 'sunrise'〔 5. 'deep': *''ro''-stems: Tocharian B ''tapre'' 'high' < *''u''-stems: Lithuanian ''dubùs'' 'hollow' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caland system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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